Digital twins (DT) are virtual representations of physical entities that integrate real-time data
and simulation. By mirroring real-world counterparts and continuously updating based on …

Solar energy is an abundant renewable resource; the energy reaching the Earth from
sunlight in just one hour exceeds the annual energy consumption of all humankind …

Photovoltaic (PV) systems contribute significantly to renewable energy generation, but their
efficiency and reliability are often hindered by environmental conditions, thermal …