Ionic conductors (ICs) find widespread applications across different fields, such as smart
electronic, ionotronic, sensor, biomedical, and energy harvesting/storage devices, and …

Hydrogels have been utilized in regenerative applications for many decades because of
their biocompatibility and similarity in structure to the native extracellular matrix. Initially …

Research into 4D printing has attracted unprecedented interest since 2013 when the idea
was first introduced. It is based on 3D printing technology, but requires additional stimulus …

Hydrogels are water-absorbing materials with three-dimensional network structures.
Hydrogel actuators have heterogeneous structures and can respond to specific …

Bilayer hydrogel-based actuators have attracted much interest because inhomogeneous
structures are easily constructed in hydrogels. We used three kinds of polysaccharides …

The combination of scientific advances in additive manufacturing (AM) and smart materials
(SMs) has enabled the development of a new interdisciplinary research area: 4D printing …

Recently,“smart” hydrogels with either shape memory behavior or reversible actuation have
received particular attention and have been further developed into sensors, actuators, or …

In recent periods, shape memory hydrogels (SMHs) have sought conjoint attention from
industries as well as academia owing their intrinsic biocompatibility as well as …

Cross-linked polymers have attracted an immense attention over the years, however, there
are many flaws of these systems, eg softness and brittleness; such materials possess non …

Morphological information encryption such as gesture and sign language is a traditional but
efficient way of information storage and communication. However, due to the limited …