Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be developed into an important arsenal against cancer; it
is a minimally invasive therapy, which is used in the treatment or/and palliation of a variety of …

Abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity are major environmental factors that limit crop
yields. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress resistance is crucial …

Synaptic dysfunction is closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is also recognized
as synaptic disorder. β-amyloid (Aβ) is one of the main pathogenic factors in AD, which …

Opioid receptors have been targeted for the treatment of pain and related disorders for
thousands of years, and remain the most widely used analgesics in the clinic. Mu (μ), kappa …

Synapses are formed by interneuronal connections that permit a neuronal cell to pass an
electrical or chemical signal to another cell. This passage usually gets damaged or lost in …

In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the late diabetic complications in nerve, vascular
endothelium, and kidney arise from chronic elevations of glucose and possibly other …

Abstract Kjær, Michael. Role of Extracellular Matrix in Adaptation of Tendon and Skeletal
Muscle to Mechanical Loading. Physiol Rev 84: 649–698, 2004; 10.1152/physrev …

The thioredoxin (Trx) system is one of the central antioxidant systems in mammalian cells,
maintaining a reducing environment by catalyzing electron flux from nicotinamide adenine …

Cells are continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses and have to decide 'to
be or not to be'depending on the types and strength of stress. Among the many signaling …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that leads to the activation of
extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and-2 (ERK1 and ERK2) has a key role in the …