Currently, metformin is the first-line medication to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in
most guidelines and is used daily by> 200 million patients. Surprisingly, the mechanisms …

Aging is characterized by systemic chronic inflammation, which is accompanied by cellular
senescence, immunosenescence, organ dysfunction, and age-related diseases. Given the …

Obesity is caused by a long-term difference between energy intake and expenditure—an
imbalance that is seemingly easily restored by increasing exercise and reducing caloric …

Ever since Akkermansia muciniphila was discovered and characterized two decades ago,
numerous studies have shown that the lack or decreased abundance of this commensal …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play vital roles in intestinal inflammation. Therefore,
eliminating ROS in the inflammatory site by antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and …

The gut microbiome is associated with diverse diseases,–, but a universal signature of a
healthy or unhealthy microbiome has not been identified, and there is a need to understand …

Background: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of
Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and …

The gut–liver axis plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis and therapy of metabolic
diseases such as diabetes. The intestinal specific origin of several hormones that guide both …

Dietary fibre has long been established as a nutritionally important, health-promoting food
ingredient. Modern dietary practices have seen a significant reduction in fibre consumption …

Gut microbes and their metabolites are actively involved in the development and regulation
of host immunity, which can influence disease susceptibility. Herein, we review the most …