The development of new orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs has led to the
addition of approximately 70 unnatural amino acids (UAAs) to the genetic codes of …

Bacterial genomes are remarkably stable from one generation to the next but are plastic on
an evolutionary time scale, substantially shaped by horizontal gene transfer, genome …

We describe the construction and characterization of a genomically recoded organism
(GRO). We replaced all known UAG stop codons in Escherichia coli MG1655 with …

The impressive body of work on the major evolutionary transitions in the last 20 y calls for a
reconstruction of the theory although a 2D account (evolution of informational systems and …

The Logic of Chance offers a reappraisal and a new synthesis of theories, concepts, and
hypotheses on the key aspects of the evolution of life on earth in light of comparative …

We apply the theory of learning to physically renormalizable systems in an attempt to outline
a theory of biological evolution, including the origin of life, as multilevel learning. We …

The near-universal genetic code defines the correspondence between codons in genes and
amino acids in proteins. We refactored the structure of the genetic code in Escherichia coli …

Hydrothermal fields on the prebiotic Earth are candidate environments for biogenesis. We
propose a model in which molecular systems driven by cycles of hydration and dehydration …

The principles of mRNA decoding are conserved among all extant life forms. We present an
integrative view of all the interaction networks between mRNA, tRNA and rRNA: the intrinsic …

The genetic code is nearly universal, and the arrangement of the codons in the standard
codon table is highly nonrandom. The three main concepts on the origin and evolution of the …