Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with addiction is hypothesized to follow a
heuristic framework that involves three stages (binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) afflicts over 29 million individuals and causes more than
140,000 deaths annually in the United States. A heuristic framework for AUD includes a …

Heterogeneity of alcohol use disorder: understanding mechanisms to advance personalized
treatment. - Abstract - Europe PMC Sign in | Create an account https://orcid.org Europe PMC …

Considerable data relate major depressive disorder (MDD) with aberrant immune system
functioning. Pro-inflammatory cytokines facilitate metabolism of tryptophan along the …

Up to half of individuals with a history of long‐term, heavy alcohol consumption will
experience the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) when consumption is significantly …

The British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines for the treatment of substance
abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity with psychiatric disorders primarily focus on …

The interplay between excitatory and inhibitory circuits underlies the brain's processes and
their dysregulation has been linked to cognitive decline, psychiatric disorders and epilepsy …

Alcohol dependence is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-
seeking and drug-taking, loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a …

Excessive alcohol use is the cause of an ongoing public health crisis, and accounts for~ 5%
of global disease burden. A minority of people with recreational alcohol use develop alcohol …

Rationale An increasingly compelling literature points to a major role for the glutamate
system in mediating the effects of alcohol on behavior and the pathophysiology of …