A wide range of protozoan pathogens either transmitted by vectors (Plasmodium, Babesia,
Leishmania and Trypanosoma), by contaminated food or water (Entamoeba and Giardia), or …

Science has been taking profit from animal models since the first translational experiments
back in ancient Greece. From there, and across all history, several remarkable findings have …

Millions of children are exposed to tuberculosis (TB) each year, many of which become
infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most children can immunologically contain or …

Background Infectious diseases encompass a large spectrum of diseases that threaten
human health, and coinfection is of particular importance because pathogen species can …

PfSPZ-CVac combines 'PfSPZ Challenge', which consists of infectious Plasmodium
falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ), with concurrent antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. In a …

Abstract The protozoan parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma are
transmitted by hematophagous insects and cause severe diseases in humans. These …

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem and the second most prevalent infectious
killer after COVID-19. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and has become …

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is highly dangerous due to the development of resistance to
first-line drugs. Moreover, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has also developed resistance …

Background: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an important cytokine in the Th2 differentiation of CD4+ T
cells, which modulates immune responses and participates in host defense against …

The occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the same
patient presents a unique clinical challenge. The impact of HCV infection on the immune …