Optical imaging is an indispensable tool in clinical diagnostics and fundamental biomedical
research. Autofluorescence-free optical imaging, which eliminates real-time optical …

Calcium ions generate versatile intracellular signals that control key functions in all types of
neurons. Imaging calcium in neurons is particularly important because calcium signals exert …

Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of receptors are pivotal to maintain physiological
functions and drug action; however, robust quantitative approaches are lacking to study …

Many endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) adversely impact estrogen signaling by
interacting with two estrogen receptors (ERs): ERα and ERβ. Though the receptors have …

An essential skill for every researcher is to learn how to select and apply the most
appropriate methods for the questions they are trying to answer. With the extensive variety of …

Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a transfer of energy between a
luminescence donor and a fluorescence acceptor. Because BRET occurs when the distance …

Protein molecules often interact with other partner protein molecules in order to execute their
vital functions in living organisms. Characterization of protein–protein interactions thus plays …

The bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) method is based on resonance
energy transfer between a light‐emitting enzyme and a fluorescent acceptor. Since its first …

Generating and identifying transformants is essential for many studies of gene function. In
Arabidopsis thaliana, a revolutionary protocol termed floral dip is now the most widely used …

Abstract COP1 (for CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1) and the four partially
redundant SPA (for SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA) proteins work in concert to repress …