Disturbances play an important role in forest dynamics. The determination of long-term
spatiotemporal characteristics of disturbance regimes is essential for understanding forest …

Mountain forests are among the most important ecosystems in Europe as they support
numerous ecological, hydrological, climatic, social, and economic functions. They are …

In Europe, forest management has controlled forest dynamics to sustain commodity
production over multiple centuries. Yet over‐regulation for growth and yield diminishes …

Disturbances of different spatial extent and intensity play an important role in the Western
Carpathian Norway spruce forests. These forests are shaped mainly by severe winds, often …

Recent observations of tree regeneration failures following large and severe disturbances,
particularly under warm and dry conditions, have raised concerns about the resilience of …

Primary forests, defined here as forests where the signs of human impacts, if any, are
strongly blurred due to decades without forest management, are scarce in Europe and …

Stands and trees may exhibit different climate–growth responses compared to neighbouring
forests and individuals. The study of these differences is crucial to understanding the effects …

In order to gauge ongoing and future changes to disturbance regimes, it is necessary to
establish a solid baseline of historic disturbance patterns against which to evaluate these …

Forests are under pressure from accelerating global change. To cope with the multiple
challenges related to global change but also to further improve forest management we need …

Given the global intensification of forest management and climate change, protecting and
studying forests that develop free of direct human intervention—also known as primary …