Frailty, a consequence of the interaction of the aging process and certain chronic diseases,
compromises functional outcomes in the elderly and substantially increases their risk for …

A wide array of molecular pathways has been investigated during the past decade in order
to understand the mechanisms by which the practice of physical exercise promotes …

Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease that weakens bones and has a high morbidity rate
worldwide, which is prevalent among the elderly, particularly, women of postmenopausal …

This review attempts to cover the implication of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in controlling
immune functions with emphasis on their significance, function, regulation and expression …

Exercise stimulates the release of proteins with autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine functions
produced in skeletal muscle, termed myokines. Based on the current state of knowledge, the …

Immunosenescence is characterized by deterioration of the immune system caused by
aging which induces changes to innate and adaptive immunity. Immunosenescence affects …

Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease, are characterized by chronic low-grade tissue and systemic inflammation. During …

Regular exercise reduces the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases, in
part because exercise exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, these effects are also likely …

With increasing age, the immune system undergoes a remodeling process, termed
immunosenescence, which is accompanied by considerable shifts in leukocyte …

Mood disorders have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the
leading cause of disability worldwide. Notwithstanding the established efficacy of …