The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in the human response to
various internal and external stimuli, which can modify homeostasis, and exerts a tight …

Shock is deadly and unpredictable if it is not recognized and treated in early stages of
hemorrhage. Unfortunately, measurements of standard vital signs that are displayed on …

Background: In the prehospital environment, the failure of medical providers to recognize
latent physiologic derangement in patients with compensated shock may risk undertriage …

Background: Clinicians routinely refer to hypotension as a systolic blood pressure (SBP)≤
90 mm Hg. However, few data exist to support the rigid adherence to this arbitrary cutoff. We …

BACKGROUND: Standard hemodynamic evaluation of patients in shock may underestimate
severity of hemorrhage given physiologic compensation. Blood lactate (BL) is an important …

Background The leading cause of late mortality after trauma is multiple organ failure
syndrome, due to a dysfunctional inflammatory response early after injury. Preclinical …

Background: Tachycardia, often defined as heart rate> 100 bpm, has been utilized as a
physical sign of hypovolemic shock among the injured for decades without evidence to …

Background Markers of temporal changes in central blood volume are required to non-
invasively detect hemorrhage and the onset of hemorrhagic shock. Recent work suggests …

Trauma patients with “compensated” internal hemorrhage may not be identified with
standard medical monitors until signs of shock appear, at which point it may be difficult or too …

There is growing evidence of a strong association between the compromised autonomic
nervous system and sudden cardiac death. Heart rate variability (HRV) measures are widely …