Numerical skills are essential in our everyday life, and impairments in the development of
number processing and calculation have a negative impact on schooling and professional …

Evolution selects for traits that are of adaptive value and increase the fitness of an individual
or population. Numerical competence, the ability to estimate and process the number of …

Highlights•We developed a cognitive test battery for wild New Zealand robins, Petroica
longipes.•Robins varied greatly in their cognitive performance in the six test battery tasks.•A …

Evidence has been reported for quantity discrimination in mammals and birds and, to a
lesser extent, fish and amphibians. For the latter species, however, whether quantity …

The ability to estimate number is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Based on the
relative close phylogenetic relationship (and thus equivalent brain structures), non-verbal …

The ability to use quantitative information is thought to be adaptive in a wide range of
ecological contexts. For nearly a century, the numerical abilities of mammals and birds have …

Recently, there has been a surge in cognition research using non‐avian reptile systems. As
a diverse group of animals, non‐avian reptiles [turtles, the tuatara, crocodylians, and …

In this article we first review evidence for the approximate number system (ANS), an
evolutionarily ancient and developmentally conservative cognitive mechanism for …

A large body of experimental evidence shows that animals as diverse as mammals, birds,
and fish are capable of processing numerical information. Considerable differences have …

An animal's behavior is affected by its cognitive abilities, which are, in turn, a consequence
of the environment in which an animal has evolved and developed. Although behavioral …