Macrolides represent a large family of protein synthesis inhibitors of great clinical interest
due to their applicability to human medicine. Macrolides are composed of a macrocyclic …

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae, pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive bacterium,
which can cause a variety of diseases including otitis media, nasosinusitis, pneumonia …

Antimicrobial resistance is a normal evolutionary process for microorganisms. Antibiotics
exerted accelerated selective pressure that hasten bacterial resistance through mutation …

Streptococcus pneumoniae inflicts a huge disease burden as the leading cause of
community-acquired pneumonia and meningitis. Soon after mainstream antibiotic usage …

Treatment of infections is compromised worldwide by the emergence of bacteria that are
resistant to multiple antibiotics. Although classically attributed to chromosomal mutations …

Resistance to macrolides and lincosamides is increasingly reported in clinical isolates of
gram-positive bacteria. The multiplicity of mechanisms of resistance, which include …

Macrolide resistance mechanisms can be target-based with a change in a 23S ribosomal
RNA (rRNA) residue or a mutation in ribosomal protein L4 or L22 affecting the ribosome's …

Haemophilus influenzae is a major community-acquired pathogen causing significant
morbidity and mortality worldwide. Meningitis and bacteremia due to type b strains occur in …

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) produced guidelines for community-
acquired pneumonia (CAP) in immunocompetent adults in 1998 and again in 2000 [1, 2] …

Abstract Treatment guidelines developed by the Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership for
acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) were originally published in 2000. These guidelines …