Since its development about 40 years ago (1981–2021), Morris water maze has turned into
a very popular tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Its many advantages have …

Maneuvering safely through the environment is central to survival of almost all species. The
ability to do this depends on learning and remembering locations. This capacity is encoded …

Pathological aggregation of tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and related
tauopathies. We have previously shown that the deficiency of the microglial fractalkine …

The ability to discriminate among similar experiences is a crucial feature of episodic
memory. This ability has long been hypothesized to require the hippocampus, and …

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a test of spatial learning for rodents that relies on distal
cues to navigate from start locations around the perimeter of an open swimming arena to …

Memory function often declines with age, and is believed to deteriorate initially because of
changes in synaptic function rather than loss of neurons. Some individuals then go on to …

Western diets are high in fat and sucrose and can influence behavior and gut microbiota.
There is growing evidence that altering the microbiome can influence the brain and …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have observed hyperactivity in the
hippocampal region in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). However, the …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapeutic modality for the treatment of
movement disorders and an emerging therapeutic approach for the treatment of disorders of …

Improvements in health care have greatly increased life span in the United States. The focus
is now shifting from physical well-being to improvement in mental well-being or maintenance …