Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

Abstract The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) was a climate shift from a largely ice-free
greenhouse world to an icehouse climate, involving the first major glaciation of Antarctica …

The warmest global temperatures of the past 85 million years occurred during a prolonged
greenhouse episode known as the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (52–50 Ma). The Early …

Rapid global cooling at the Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT),~ 33.9–33.5 Ma, is widely
considered to mark the onset of the modern icehouse world. A large and rapid drop in …

The evolution of the Northern Hemisphere oceanic gateways has facilitated ocean
circulation changes and may have influenced climatic variations in the Cenozoic time (66 …

While the Atlantic Ocean is ventilated by high-latitude deep water formation and exhibits a
pole-to-pole overturning circulation, the Pacific Ocean does not. This asymmetric global …

The onset of the North Atlantic Deep Water formation is thought to have coincided with
Antarctic ice-sheet growth about 34 million years ago (Ma). However, this timing is debated …

Abstract The Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT), approximately 34 Ma ago, marks a period
of major global cooling and inception of the Antarctic ice sheet. Proxies of deep circulation …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) exerts a major control on the global
distribution of heat, dissolved oxygen and carbon in the ocean. Yet the timing and cause of …

The opening of the Drake Passage (DP) during the Cenozoic is a tectonic event of
paramount importance for the development of modern ocean characteristics. Notably, it has …