Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular …

Aging is characterized by systemic chronic inflammation, which is accompanied by cellular
senescence, immunosenescence, organ dysfunction, and age-related diseases. Given the …

Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the last
decade, significant advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, particularly …

Due to the advantages in efficacy and safety compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs,
targeted therapeutic drugs have become mainstream cancer treatments. Since the first …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

For over three decades, a mainstay and goal of clinical oncology has been the development
of therapies promoting the effective elimination of cancer cells by apoptosis. This …

The central role of dysregulated kinase activity in the etiology of progressive disorders,
including cancer, has fostered incremental efforts on drug discovery programs over the past …

Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

Hydrogen-bond donors are seen to cause more problems for drug designers than hydrogen-
bond acceptors. Most of the polarity in drug-like compounds comes from hydrogen-bond …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …