Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have revolutionized the
treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). However, many …

The retina is a complex tissue with multiple cell layers that are highly ordered. Its
sophisticated structure makes it especially sensitive to external or internal perturbations that …

Age-related macular degeneration is a prevalent neuroinflammatory condition and a major
cause of blindness driven by genetic and environmental factors such as obesity. In diseases …

Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), or subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD), refer to distinct
lesions that occur in the subretinal space. Over the past three decades, their presence in …

Microglia, the primary resident immune cell type, constitute a key population of glia in the
retina. Recent evidence indicates that microglia play significant functional roles in the retina …

Due to commonalities in pathophysiology, age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
represents a uniquely accessible model to investigate therapies for neurodegenerative …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative disease in the central macula
area of the neuroretina and the supporting retinal pigment epithelium, is the most common …

For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma,
and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently …

Five vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) ligands (VEGF-A,-B,–C,-D, and
placental growth factor [PlGF]) constitute the VEGF family. VEGF-A binds VEGF receptors 1 …

Age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are of growing
importance in a world where population ageing has become a dominant global trend …