Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been put forward as a model for
studying how genetic diversity is maintained in wild populations. Pathogen-mediated …

Biology presents many wonders, but one of the most remarkable is how a complex
multicellular organism grows from a single cell. Until recently, the processes involved …

Reproductive Biology of Teleost Fishes is the first integrated review of the reproductive
biology of the bony fishes, which are the most species-rich and diversified group of …

Teleost fishes constitute the most species-rich vertebrate clade and exhibit extensive genetic
and phenotypic variation, including diverse immune defense strategies. The genomic basis …

The genes of the major histocompatibility complex are the most polymorphic genes in
vertebrates, with more than 1,000 alleles described in human populations. How this …

Animals harbour diverse communities of symbiotic bacteria, which differ dramatically among
host individuals. This heterogeneity poses an immunological challenge: distinguishing …

Domestication can be defined as the adaptation of an animal to the human environment and
its constraints. Accumulating evidence strongly indicates that domestication plays essential …

αβ T cell receptor (TCR) V (D) J genes code for billions of TCR combinations. However, only
some appear on peripheral T cells in any individual because, to mature, thymocytes must …

Although crucial for the understanding of adaptive evolution, genetically resolved examples
of local adaptation are rare. To maximize survival and reproduction in their local …