Despite the success of the WHO-led smallpox eradication programme a quarter of a century
ago, there remains considerable fear that variola virus, or other related pathogenic …

Viruses have been engineered for cancer therapy in a variety of ways. Approaches include
non-replicating gene therapy vectors, cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses, but the clinical …

The immune status of the tumor microenvironment is a key indicator in determining the
antitumor effectiveness of immunotherapies. Data support the role of activation and …

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated double-stranded DNA poxvirus
currently developed as a vaccine vector against HIV/AIDS. Profiling of the innate immune …

Background Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by short interfering RNA has
opened up new directions in the phenotypic mutation of cellular genes. However, its efficacy …

Tremendous advances have been made in develo** oncolytic viruses (OVs) in the last
few years. By taking advantage of current knowledge in cancer biology and virology, specific …

Vaccinia virus (VACV) has numerous immune evasion strategies, including multiple
mechanisms of inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) comprise a particular branch of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (MAPK) that transmits extracellular signals into …

Early events play a decisive role in virus multiplication. We have shown previously that
activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated …

Introduction: Gene therapy offers promising approaches for the development of anticancer
agents with new modes of action. Among gene therapy vectors, vaccinia virus has emerged …