DNA replication during cell proliferation is 'vertical'copying, which reproduces an initial
amount of genetic information. Polyploidy, which results from whole-genome duplication, is …

During vertebrate neurulation, the embryonic ectoderm is patterned into lineage progenitors
for neural plate, neural crest, placodes and epidermis. Here, we use Xenopus laevis …

Wnt proteins direct embryonic patterning, but the regulatory basis of their distribution and
signal reception remain unclear. Here, we show that endogenous Wnt8 protein is distributed …

Xenopus laevis has an allotetraploid genome of 3.1 Gb, in contrast to the diploid genome of
a closely related species, Xenopus tropicalis. Here, we identified 412 genes (189 homeolog …

In this paper, the developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos
induced by 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10-Gy γ-ray irradiation were investigated and verified by single …

The nervous system has various types of cells derived from three neuroectodermal regions:
neural plate (NP), neural crest (NC), and preplacodal ectoderm (PPE). Differentiation of …

Retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) are a multipotent and highly proliferative population that give
rise to all retinal cell types during organogenesis. Defining their molecular signature is a key …

During anuran metamorphosis from herbivorous tadpoles to carnivorous frogs, the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract undergoes drastic remodeling, such as the formation of the …

Robustness is a feature of regulatory pathways to ensure signal consistency in light of
environmental changes or genetic polymorphisms. The retinoic acid (RA) pathway, is a …

Neural tissue is derived from three precursor regions: neural plate, neural crest, and
preplacodal ectoderm. These regions are determined by morphogen‐mediated signaling …