Current multiple sclerosis phenotypic classifications include relapsing-remitting multiple
sclerosis, clinically isolated syndrome, radiologically isolated syndrome, primary …

Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is a term that describes a first clinical episode with
features suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). It usually occurs in young adults and affects …

Natural history studies have identified factors that predict evolution to multiple sclerosis or
risk of disability accumulation over time. Although these studies are based on large …

Importance It remains unclear whether vitamin D insufficiency, which is common in
individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), has an adverse effect on MS outcomes. Objectives …

Importance Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) represents the earliest detectable
preclinical phase of multiple sclerosis (MS) punctuated by incidental magnetic resonance …

Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS), such as optic neuritis, brainstem or spinal cord
syndromes are frequently the first clinical presentations of multiple sclerosis. However, not …

Background and objectives Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) requires exclusion of
diseases that could better explain the clinical and paraclinical findings. A systematic process …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by autoimmune inflammation and subsequent
neurodegeneration. It is believed that early in the disease course, proinflammatory T cells …

Relapses (episodic exacerbations of neurological signs or symptoms) are a defining feature
of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the most prevalent MS phenotype. While their …

Abstract Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) has been proposed as a biomarker associated with the
conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated …