Discovering that chytrid fungi cause chytridiomycosis in amphibians represented a paradigm
shift in our understanding of how emerging infectious diseases contribute to global patterns …

The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune
function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses …

Background Host-associated microbiomes, the microorganisms occurring inside and on host
surfaces, influence evolutionary, immunological, and ecological processes. Interactions …

Here we review the knowledge about skin microbiomes in amphibians accumulated over the
last two decades and the evidence regarding the protective role of skin bacteria. Amphibians …

Captive breeding to safeguard against extirpation in the wild is a practice for many animal
groups. Animals in captivity experience reduced contact with natural substrates and other …

Infectious pathogens can disrupt the microbiome in addition to directly affecting the host.
Impacts of disease may be dependent on the ability of the microbiome to recover from such …

Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is fundamentally altering patterns of disease
transmission and immunity across the vertebrate tree of life. Most studies linking …

Microorganisms are increasingly recognized as ecosystem-relevant components because
they affect the population dynamics of hosts. Functioning at the interface of the host and …

Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including
immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of …

This review summarizes the role of environmental factors on amphibian microbiotas at the
organismal, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. At the organismal …