A major puzzle of paleoclimatology is why, after a long interval of cooling climate, each late
Quaternary ice age ended with a relatively short warming leg called a termination. We here …

Global climate and the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide () are correlated over
recent glacial cycles, with lower during ice ages, but the causes of the changes are …

Wind-driven upwelling in the ocean around Antarctica helps regulate the exchange of
carbon dioxide (CO2) between the deep sea and the atmosphere, as well as the supply of …

The thermal bipolar ocean seesaw hypothesis was advanced by Stocker and Johnsen
(2003) as the 'simplest possible thermodynamic model'to explain the time relationship …

Two fundamental questions about the ice-age climate system await satisfactory resolution.
First, if summer solar radiation intensity truly controls the orbital signature of the last glacial …

The asynchronous relationship between millennial-scale temperature changes over
Greenland and Antarctica during the last glacial period has led to the notion of a bipolar …

The position and intensity of the southern westerly wind belt varies seasonally as a
consequence of changes in sea surface temperature. During the austral winter, the belt …

Carbon is one of the key elements in organisms and non-living compounds on Earth.
Carbon dioxide and methane are important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, dissolved …

Previous studies have suggested that during the late Pleistocene ice ages, surface-deep
exchange was somehow weakened in the Southern Ocean's Antarctic Zone, which reduced …

Abstract The Southern Ocean is widely recognized as a potential cause of the lower
atmospheric concentration of CO 2 during ice ages, but the mechanism is debated. Focusing …