Abstract Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a
neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings …

Anxiety disorders are a significant problem in the community, and recent neuroimaging
research has focused on determining the brain circuits that underlie them. Research on the …

Classical Pavlovian fear conditioning remains the most widely employed experimental
model of fear and anxiety, and continues to inform contemporary pathophysiological …

Extinction memory retrieval is influenced by spatial contextual information that determines
responding to conditioned stimuli (CS). However, it is poorly understood whether contextual …

Research on implicit cognition and addiction has expanded greatly during the past decade.
This research area provides new ways to understand why people engage in behaviors that …

Although approximately 90% of the US population will experience a traumatic event within
their lifetime, only a fraction of those traumatized individuals will develop posttraumatic …

Exposure to traumatic events that produce extreme fear and horror is all too common in both
military and civilian populations, but not all individuals develop posttraumatic stress disorder …

In classical Pavlovian fear conditioning, a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) comes
to be evaluated as threatening due to its association with an aversive stimulus …

Anxious individuals exhibit threat biases at multiple levels of information processing. From a
developmental perspective, abnormal safety learning in childhood may establish threat …

Since the very earliest experimental investigations of learning, tension has existed between
association-based and cognitive theories. Associationism accounts for the phenomena of …