Background The causal association between cigarette smoking and several diseases
remains equivocal. The purpose of this study was to appraise the causal role of smoking in a …

Background Persistent infection by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is necessary
although not sufficient for development of cervical cancer. Behavioural, environmental, or …

Background: Whether the positive associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with
gastrointestinal diseases are causal is uncertain. We conducted this Mendelian …

There is increasing academic and clinical interest in how “lifestyle factors” traditionally
associated with physical health may also relate to mental health and psychological well …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that
results in significant neurodegeneration in the majority of those affected and is a common …

Background The poor physical health of people with mental illness is a multifaceted,
transdiagnostic, and global problem. People with mental illness have an increased risk of …

Background Long-term mental and physical health consequences of COVID-19 (long
COVID) are a persistent public health concern. Little is still known about the long-term …

Objectives Previous studies have reported that a few inflammatory cytokines have
associations with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—for example, IL-6, IL-17, and …

Major depression is a debilitating psychiatric illness that is typically associated with low
mood and anhedonia. Depression has a heritable component that has remained difficult to …

Background Considerable evidence has been reported that tobacco use could cause
alterations in gut microbiota composition. The microbiota-gut–brain axis also in turn hinted at …