BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National
Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease …

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common disorder affecting heart valves and
is characterized by thickening, fibrosis and mineralization of the aortic valve leaflets …

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a highly prevalent condition that comprises a disease
continuum, ranging from microscopic changes to profound fibro-calcific leaflet remodelling …

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), mainly synthetized and released by
the liver, represents one of the key regulators of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol …

Valvular inflammation triggered by hyperlipidemia has been considered as an important
initial process of aortic valve disease; however, cellular and molecular evidence remains …

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare disease characterized by ectopic calcification,
however, despite the widely spread effect of pro/anti-calcifying systemic factors associated …

Pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is secreted mostly by hepatocytes
and to a lesser extent by the intestine, pancreas, kidney, adipose tissue, and vascular cells …

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common acquired valvulopathy, which carries a
high burden of mortality. Chronic inflammation has been postulated as the predominant …

Despite numerous promising therapeutic targets, there are no proven medical treatments for
calcific aortic stenosis (AS). Multiple stakeholders need to come together and several …

Background Patients with fibro-calcific aortic valve disease (FCAVD) have lipid depositions
in their aortic valve that engender a proinflammatory impetus toward fibrosis and …