Developmental plasticity refers to the property by which the same genotype produces
distinct phenotypes depending on the environmental conditions under which development …

Trans-generational immune priming (TGIP) refers to the transfer of the parental
immunological experience to its progeny. This may result in offspring protection from …

Extensive use of chemical insecticides adversely affects both environment and human
health. One of the most popular biological pest control alternatives is bioinsecticides based …

In this article, we review the latest works on the insecticidal mechanisms of Bacillus
thuringiensis Cry toxins and the resistance mechanisms of insects against Cry toxins …

The occurrence of transgenerational innate immune memory in invertebrates possibly offers
an opportunity for the creation of offspring with increased resistance against infectious …

Traditionally, only vertebrates were thought capable of acquired immune responses, such as
the ability to transfer immunological experience vertically to their offspring (known as trans …

Highlights•In recent years, the ability to form immunological memory has been described in
many taxa, including plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.•Innate immune and non-immune …

Vertebrates rely on the most sophisticated adaptive immunity to defend themselves against
various pathogens. This includes immunologic memory cells, which mount a stronger and …

It may seem that the most important issues related to insect immunity have already been
described. However, novel phenomena observed in recent years shed new light on the …

The use of herbicides and their long persistence in the environment have raised concerns
about potential harm to ecosystems and human health. However, there is a gap in the …