Given the abundance of evidence that disputed territory matters, we know remarkably little
about the origins of territorial claims. We argue that the presence of competing historical …

When did Germany become economically integrated? Based on a large new data set on
trade flows within and across the borders of Germany, I explore the geography of trade costs …

The Zollverein was arguably the most important free trade agreement of the nineteenth
century. Although 1834 is the official date of the Zollverein's establishment, member states …

Did European regions industrialize first because their institutions fostered urbanization? We
argue that culture, precisely an agricultural inheritance tradition that would immobilize the …

This chapter gives a broad overview of the literature on the cliometrics of international trade
and market integration. We start by motivating this by looking at the lessons from economic …

Since the 1990s a group of scholars connected to the National Bureau of Economic
Research convincingly presented the nineteenth century as the first great age of global …

The border‐effect literature confirms that sub‐national units tend to trade more with the rest
of their country than with foreign markets. However, it is likely that ongoing processes of …

This study revisits the trade and welfare effects of 19th century bilateralism exploiting the
latest developments in structural gravity models, including the consideration of domestic …

The existence of a large border effect is considered as one of the main puzzles of
international macroeconomics. We show that the border effect is, to a large extent, an …

This article examines how the institutional design of borders affects international trade. The
authors explore variation in the effects of borders by comparing new international borders …