The Amazonian rainforest is arguably the most species-rich terrestrial ecosystem in the
world, yet the timing of the origin and evolutionary causes of this diversity are a matter of …

Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

Seahorses have a circum-global distribution in tropical to temperate coastal waters. Yet,
seahorses show many adaptations for a sedentary, cryptic lifestyle: they require specific …

Anticipating the effect of climate change on biodiversity, in particular on changes in
community composition, is crucial for adaptive ecosystem management but remains a critical …

Globally, ecosystems are being reconfigured by a range of intensifying human-induced
stressors. Coral reefs are at the forefront of this environmental transformation, and if we are …

Major changes consistent with the fingerprint of global warming have been reported for
nearly every ecosystem on earth. Recently, studies have moved beyond correlation-based …

The emergence of a new phylogeny of ray-finned fishes at the turn of the twenty-first century
marked a paradigm shift in understanding the evolutionary history of half of living …

Topographically complex regions on land and in the oceans feature hotspots of biodiversity
that reflect geological influences on ecological and evolutionary processes. Over geologic …

Adaptive radiations are bursts of evolutionary species diversification that have contributed to
much of the species diversity on Earth. An exception is modern Europe, where descendants …

About 3 million years ago (Ma), the I sthmus of P anama joined the A mericas, forming a land
bridge over which inhabitants of each A merica invaded the other—the G reat A merican B …