Conventional chemotherapeutics have been developed into clinically useful agents based
on their ability to preferentially kill malignant cells, generally owing to their elevated …

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer in children and young adults.
Limited progress has been made in improving the survival outcomes in patients with …

Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are essential for immune tolerance, but also drive
immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment. Therapeutic targeting of Treg cells in …

Natural killer (NK) cells, which are innate lymphocytes endowed with potent cytotoxic
activity, have recently attracted attention as potential anticancer therapeutics. While NK cells …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to play a critical role in tumor
development from initiation to metastasis. EMT could be regarded as a continuum, with …

Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and
improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also …

Purpose: The heterogeneity of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is not well
studied, which severely hinders clinical treatment of HGSOC. Thus, it is necessary to …

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of major concern in pregnancy than can lead to
intrauterine growth restriction, placental abruption and stillbirth. The pathophysiology of …

Immune tolerance is maintained in lymphoid organs (LOs). Despite the presence of complex
immune cell networks in non-LOs, it is unknown whether self-tolerance is maintained in …

Recent advances in understanding the roles of immune checkpoints in allowing tumors to
circumvent the immune system have led to successful therapeutic strategies that have …