Throughout the educational system, students experiencing active learning pedagogy
perform better and fail less than those taught through direct instruction. Can this be ascribed …

Choosing how much effort to expend is critical for everyday decisions. While several
neuroimaging studies have examined effort-based decision-making, results have been …

Stimulants such as methylphenidate are increasingly used for cognitive enhancement but
precise mechanisms are unknown. We found that methylphenidate boosts willingness to …

From a gym workout, to deciding whether to persevere at work, many activities require us to
persist in deciding that rewards are 'worth the effort'even as we become fatigued. However …

The willingness to exert effort for reward is essential but comes at the cost of fatigue.
Theories suggest fatigue increases after both physical and cognitive exertion, subsequently …

Working memory (WM) function has traditionally been investigated in terms of two
dimensions: within-individual effects of WM load, and between-individual differences in task …

Chronic, low-grade inflammation has been associated with motivational deficits in patients
with major depression (MD). In turn, impaired motivation has been linked to poor quality of …

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is vital for decision-making. Functional
neuroimaging links vmPFC to processing rewards and effort, while parallel work suggests …

Self-control denotes the ability to override current desires to render behavior consistent with
long-term goals. A key assumption is that self-control is required when short-term desires …

While often seeming to investigate rather different problems, research into value-based
decision making and cognitive control have historically offered parallel insights into how …