Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-enclosed particles that are involved
in physiologic and pathologic processes. EVs are increasingly being studied for therapeutic …

The complex cross‐talk of intricate intercellular signaling networks between the tumor and
stromal cells promotes cancer progression. Hypoxia is one of the most common conditions …

Metastatic breast cancers (mBCs) are largely resistant to immune checkpoint blockade, but
the mechanisms remain unclear. Primary breast cancers are characterized by a dense …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a term that includes both exosomes of endocytic origin and
vesicles derived from plasma membranes, are continuously secreted by cells to the …

Tumors use several strategies to evade the host immune response, including creation of an
immune-suppressive and hostile tumor environment. Tissue hypoxia due to inadequate …

The tumor microenvironment is a complex system, playing an important role in tumor
development and progression. Besides cellular stromal components, extracellular matrix …

Adoptive cell therapies (ACT) based on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified immune
cells have made great progress with six CAR-T cell products approved by the US FDA for …

Tumor-derived microvesicles (TD-MVs) are key mediators which are shed by cancer cells
and can sensitize neighboring cells in the tumor microenvironment. TD-MVs are …

With the development of technologies that can transform immune cells into therapeutic
modalities, immunotherapy has remarkably changed the current paradigm of cancer …

Hypoxia is not only a prominent contributor to the heterogeneity of solid tumors but also a
crucial stressor in the microenvironment to drive adaptations for tumors to evade …