Melanin production from different types of phenoloxidases (POs) confers immunity from a
variety of pathogens ranging from viruses and microorganisms to parasites. The arthropod …

Lepidopteran insects have potent innate immunity to fight against the invading pathogens.
As the initiation step, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and bind microbial …

Melanization, an important insect defense mechanism, is mediated by clip-domain serine
protease (cSP) cascades and is regulated by serpins. Here we show that proteolytic …

Melanization is a prominent insect humoral response for encapsulation of and killing
invading pathogens. It is mediated by a protease cascade composed of a modular serine …

Yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits many devastating arthropod-borne viruses
(arboviruses), such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus …

Abstract Background The Inonotus obliquus mushroom, a wondrous fungus boasting edible
and medicinal qualities, has been widely used as a folk medicine and shown to have many …

Baculoviruses are natural enemies of agricultural and forest insect pests and play an
important role in biological pest control. Oral infection by baculovirus in the insect midgut is …

Endoparasitoid wasps deliver a variety of maternal factors, such as venom proteins, viruses,
and virus-like particles, from their venom and calyx fluid into hosts and thereby regulate the …

C-type lectins (CTLs) recognize various glycoconjugates through carbohydrate recognition
domains (CRDs) and they play important roles in immune responses. In this study …

Background Clip domain serine proteases (CLIPs), a very diverse group of proteolytic
enzymes, play a crucial role in the innate immunity of insects. Innate immune responses are …