1. INTRODUCTION A fundamental understanding of chiral biomacromolecules at aqueous
interfaces is critical to studying a host of important phenomena in modern biology, chemistry …

Sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) can provide detailed
information and understanding of the molecular composition, interactions, and orientational …

The toroidal dipole is a peculiar electromagnetic excitation that can not be presented in
terms of standard electric and magnetic multipoles. A static toroidal dipole has been shown …

Toroidal multipoles are the terms missing in the standard multipole expansion; they are
usually overlooked due to their relatively weak coupling to the electromagnetic fields. Here …

This review examines characterization challenges inherently associated with understanding
nanomaterials and the roles surface and interface characterization methods can play in …

Liquid interfaces play a fundamental role in science and technology. The development of
surface-sensitive probes capable of yielding molecular information about these interfaces is …

We describe the electromagnetic theory of second-harmonic generation from the surface of
a sphere that is small compared to the wavelength of light. In a leading-order expansion, the …

The electromagnetic theory of optical second-harmonic generation from small spherical
particles comprised of centrosymmetric material is presented. The interfacial region where …

Applications of the interface-selective methods of second harmonic (SHG) and sum
frequency (SFG) spectroscopy to the investigation of equilibrium and time-dependent …

Optical properties are among the most fascinating and useful properties of nanomaterials
and have been extensively studied using a variety of optical spectroscopic techniques. A …