The numerous beneficial health outcomes associated with the use of metformin to treat
patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), together with data from pre-clinical studies in animals …

Significance: Intrarenal oxidative stress plays a critical role in the initiation and progression
of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Enhanced oxidative stress results from overproduction of …

Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents worldwide public health issue characterized by a set of
cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and …

NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key
molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of …

Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in vascular disease. While
there are many possible sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate …

Background: The anticancer activity of metformin has been confirmed against several cancer
types in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanisms of metformin in the treatment …

Cardiovascular mortality is a major cause of death among in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a well-known important risk factor for the development of …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of
diabetes and is the leading cause of blindness in young adults. Oxidative stress has been …

The endothelium, although only a single layer of cells lining the vascular and lymphatic
systems, contributes in multiple ways to vascular homeostasis. Subsequent to the 1980 …

Oxidative stress mediated by hyperglycaemia-induced generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) contributes significantly to the development and progression of diabetes and …