Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the initial rate‐limiting step in the
degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. When …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is activated in chronic inflammatory states,
eg, in the aging process and age-related diseases. IDO1 enzyme catabolizes L-tryptophan …

Bridging the gap between findings in preclinical 2D cell culture models and in vivo tissue
cultures has been challenging; the simple microenvironment of 2D monolayer culture …

Kynurenine (Kyn) pathway is a significant metabolic pathway of tryptophan (Trp). The
metabolites of the Kyn pathway are closely correlated with numerous diseases. Two main …

Owing to the fast-paced growth and cross-infiltration of oncology, immunology and
molecular biology, tumor immunotherapy technology represented by immune checkpoint …

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid whose metabolites play key roles in diverse
physiological processes. Due to low reserves in the body, especially under various catabolic …

Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that can be metabolized via endogenous and
exogenous pathways, including the Kynurenine Pathway, the 5-Hydroxyindole Pathway …

Intestinal immunity and homeostasis are maintained through the regulation of cytokine
trafficking, microbiota, necrosis and apoptosis. Intestinal immunity and homeostasis …

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy that develops in patients
with chronic liver diseases and dysregulated systemic and hepatic immunity. The tumor …

The gastrointestinal mucosa is critical for maintaining the integrity and functions of the gut.
Disruption of this barrier is a hallmark and a risk factor for many intestinal and chronic …