The field of psychiatry is hampered by a lack of robust, reliable and valid biomarkers that can
aid in objectively diagnosing patients and providing individualized treatment …

With new data about different aspects of schizophrenia being continually generated, it
becomes necessary to periodically revisit exactly what we know. Along with a need to review …

Both the discovery of biomarkers of schizophrenia and the verification of biological
hypotheses of schizophrenia are an essential part of the process of understanding the …

Schizophrenia is a leading cause of global disability. Current pharmacotherapy for the
disease predominantly uses one mechanism—dopamine D2 receptor blockade—but often …

Background Numerous studies have established the presence of gray matter atrophy and
brain activation abnormalities during neurocognitive and social cognitive tasks in …

Schizophrenia was initially defined as “dementia praecox” by E. Kraepelin, which implies
progressive deterioration. However, recent studies have revealed that early effective …

Introduction The retina shares structural and functional similarities with the brain.
Furthermore, structural changes in the retina have been observed in patients with …

Schizophrenia is a chronic and debilitating condition with a global prevalence of
approximately 1% varying by location and diagnostic criterion. 1, 2 The average age of …

Dopamine (DA) is the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a crucial role in
several pathologies, such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Early diagnosis of …

Although increasing evidence links microbial dysbiosis with the risk for psychiatric symptoms
through the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA), the specific mechanisms remain poorly …