Bone is a multi-skilled tissue, protecting major organs, regulating calcium phosphate
balance and producing hormones. Its development during childhood determines height and …

Sex steroids are chief regulators of gender differences in the skeleton, and male gender is
one of the strongest protective factors against osteoporotic fractures. This advantage in bone …

Context Hormonal interventions in adolescents with gender dysphoria may have adverse
effects, such as reduced bone mineral accrual. Objective To describe bone mass …

The estrogen receptors, ERα, ERβ, and GPER, mediate the effects of estrogenic compounds
on their target tissues. Estrogen receptors are located in the tissues of the female …

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder
resulting from maternally inherited or de novo mutations involving the androgen receptor …

Both in the United States and Europe, the number of minors who present at transgender
healthcare services before the onset of puberty is rapidly expanding. Many of those who will …

Mechanotransduction is pivotal in the maintenance of homeostasis in different tissues and
involves multiple cell signaling pathways. In bone, mechanical stimuli regulate the balance …

It is well known that sex steroids, particularly estrogen, play a crucial role in the attainment
and maintenance of peak bone density in all people. Transgender (trans) have been …

Before the characterization of human and animal models of estrogen deficiency, estrogen
action was confined in the context of the female bone. These interesting models uncovered …

Abstract Biglycan (Bgn) and Fibromodulin (Fmod) are subtypes of the small leucine-rich
family of proteoglycans (SLRP). In this study we examined the skeletal phenotype of …