The variability of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets occurs on various timescales and is
important for projections of sea level rise; however, there are substantial uncertainties …

The largest uncertainty in future sea-level rise is loss of ice from the Greenland and Antarctic
Ice Sheets. Ice shelves, freely floating platforms of ice that fringe the ice sheets, play a …

Abstract The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean warming in the twenty-first century to
less than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to promote further efforts to limit …

Thwaites Glacier represents 15% of the ice discharge from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and
influences a wider catchment,–. Because it is grounded below sea level,, Thwaites Glacier is …

Warm water from the Southern Ocean has a dominant impact on the evolution of Antarctic
glaciers and in turn on their contribution to sea level rise. Using a continuous time series of …

Thwaites Glacier is one of the fastest-changing ice–ocean systems in Antarctica,–. Much of
the ice sheet within the catchment of Thwaites Glacier is grounded below sea level on …

Marine ice sheets are highly sensitive to submarine melting in their grounding zones, where
they transition between grounded and floating ice. Recently published studies of the …

Warming of the ocean waters surrounding Greenland plays a major role in driving glacier
retreat and the contribution of glaciers to sea level rise. The melt rate at the junction of the …

Today, relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water is melting Thwaites Glacier at the base of its
ice shelf and at the grounding zone, contributing to significant ice retreat. Accelerating ice …

The collapse of ice shelves could expose tall ice cliffs at ice sheet margins. The marine ice
cliff instability (MICI) is a hypothesis that predicts that, if these cliffs are tall enough, ice may …