The roles of opioid receptors in pain and addiction have been extensively studied, but their
function in mood disorders has received less attention. Accumulating evidence from animal …

Opioid receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and play an essential role in
modulating aspects of human mood, reward, and well-being. Accumulating evidence …

Abstract The United States is in the midst of an opioid addiction and overdose crisis
precipitated and exacerbated by use of prescription opioid medicines. The majority of opioid …

Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a
high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

The focus of this review is to critically examine and review the literature on the role of brain-
derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its primary receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase B …

Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the
treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance …

Unraveling the pathways and neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the regulation of
physical and emotional stress responses in humans is of critical importance to understand …

Mortality due to opioid use has grown to the point where, for the first time in history, opioid-
related deaths exceed those caused by car accidents in many states in the United States …

The pathophysiology of mood disorders involves several genetic and social predisposing
factors, as well as a dysregulated response to a chronic stressor, ie chronic pain. Our …