G protein–coupled receptors are the largest and pharmacologically most important receptor
family and are involved in the regulation of most cell functions. Most of them reside …

Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving
protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family …

G protein-coupled receptors are important drug targets that engage and activate signaling
transducers in multiple cellular compartments. Delineating therapeutic signaling from …

Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To
address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been …

A highly conserved but convoluted network of neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous
system (ENS), is positioned along the wall of the gut to coordinate digestive processes and …

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder that is
characterized by abdominal pain and an altered defecation pattern. It affects between 5 and …

Endocytosis allows cells to transport particles and molecules across the plasma membrane.
In addition, it is involved in the termination of signalling through receptor downmodulation …

Proteases are an evolutionarily conserved family of enzymes that degrade peptide bonds
and have been implicated in several common gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Although …

Classically, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are thought to activate G protein from the
plasma membrane and are subsequently desensitized by β-arrestin (β-arr). However, some …

Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery is especially useful for targets within endosomes
because of the endosomal transport mechanisms of many nanomedicines within cells. Here …