Free‐living cyanobacteria were entrapped by eukaryotic cells~ 2 billion years ago, ultimately
giving rise to chloroplasts. After a century of debate, the presence of chloroplast DNA was …

Aim Identifying and protecting refugia is a priority for conservation under projected
anthropogenic climate change, because of their demonstrated ability to facilitate the survival …

Phylogeography is a discipline concerned with various relationships between gene
genealogies—phylogenetics—and geography. The word “phylogeography” was coined in …

Global climate has fluctuated greatly during the past three million years, leading to the
recent major ice ages. An inescapable consequence for most living organisms is great …

An appreciation of the scale and frequency of climatic oscillations in the past few million
years is modifying our views on how evolution proceeds. Such major events caused …

The Sino-Japanese Floristic Region (SJFR) of East Asia harbors the most diverse of the
world's temperate flora, and was the most important glacial refuge for its Tertiary …

No species occurs everywhere. Indeed, the majority are absent from most places, and where
they do occur they are usually quite rare. Gaston discusses the structure of these …

Cryptic invasions are a largely unrecognized type of biological invasion that lead to
underestimation of the total numbers and impacts of invaders because of the difficulty in …

The origins and development of the study of speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography
are outlined using evolutionary iconography. This traces the ideas in this field from Lamarck …

Regional phylogeographical studies involving co‐distributed animal and plant species have
been conducted for several areas, most notably for Europe and the Pacific Northwest of …