This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Abstract Earth System Science (ESS) is a rapidly emerging transdisciplinary endeavour
aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of the Earth as a complex, adaptive …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

The geological record encodes the relationship between climate and atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2) over long and short timescales, as well as potential drivers of evolutionary …

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 56 Ma) is one of our best geological
analogs for understanding climate dynamics in a “greenhouse” world. However, proxy data …

A long-term record of global mean surface temperature (GMST) provides critical insight into
the dynamical limits of Earth's climate and the complex feedbacks between temperature and …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Over the coming century humanity may need to find reservoirs to store several trillions of
tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fossil fuel combustion, which would otherwise …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

This review explores the evolution of extant South American tropical biomes, focusing on
when and why they developed. Tropical vegetation experienced a radical transformation …