Half a century after the first formulation of the monoamine hypothesis, compelling evidence
implies that long-term changes in an array of brain areas and circuits mediating complex …

Lithium has been used for over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder as the
archetypal mood stabilizer, and has a wealth of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy in …

In mood disorders, there is growing evidence for glutamatergic abnormalities derived from
peripheral measures of glutamatergic metabolites in patients, postmortem studies on …

Background Mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in oxidative metabolism are a
characteristic feature of many chronic illnesses not currently classified as mitochondrial …

Significance: Our current knowledge of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms
causing psychiatric disorders is modest, but genetic susceptibility and environmental factors …

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is thought to mediate neuropathological processes of a
number of neuropsychiatric disorders and recent data suggest that oxidative stress may be …

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) affords a noninvasive window on in vivo brain
chemistry and, as such, provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the biochemical …

Over the last 15 years, the field of neuroscience has evolved toward recognizing the critical
role of astroglia in sha** neuronal synaptic activity and along with the pre-and …

The measurement of brain metabolites with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
provides a unique perspective on the brain bases of neuropsychiatric disorders. As a context …

Background Bipolar disorder phenomenologically is a biphasic disorder of energy
availability; increased in mania and decreased in depression. In consort, there is …