A popular notion in sexual selection is that females are polyandrous and their offspring are
commonly sired by more than a single male. We now have large-scale evidence from …

In species with separate sexes, females and males often differ in their morphology,
physiology and behaviour. Such sex‐specific traits are functionally linked to variation in …

Meta-analysis has changed the way researchers conduct literature reviews not only in
medical and social sciences but also in biological sciences. Meta-analysis in biological …

Postcopulatory sexual selection (PCSS), comprised of sperm competition and cryptic female
choice, has emerged as a widespread evolutionary force among polyandrous animals …

Females frequently mate with several males, whose sperm then compete to fertilize
available ova. Sperm competition represents a potent selective force that is expected to …

Ejaculates are fundamental to fitness in sexually reproducing animals: males gain all their
direct fitness via the ejaculate and females require ejaculates to reproduce. Both sperm and …

Biomarkers of antioxidant and biotransformation systems are commonly used to assess
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in fish. Despite their extensive …

Recent theoretical models predict that the evolutionary diversification of the weapons and
ornaments of pre-mating sexual selection should be influenced by trade-offs with male …

The Darwin–Bateman paradigm recognizes competition among males for access to multiple
mates as the main driver of sexual selection. Increasingly, however, females are also being …

META-ANALYSIS USES SUMMARY STATISTICS like effect sizes to combine information
from multiple studies. Yet a common problem encountered when collecting information for …