Aim Identifying and protecting refugia is a priority for conservation under projected
anthropogenic climate change, because of their demonstrated ability to facilitate the survival …

The S outh A merican continent is composed of several biogeographical regions harbouring
the highest biodiversity on the globe, encompassing five of the world's biodiversity 'hot …

Reduced rainfall increases the risk of forest dieback, while in return forest loss might
intensify regional droughts. The consequences of this vegetation–atmosphere feedback for …

Aim To assess ancient biotic connections between the Amazon Forest (AmF) and the
Atlantic Forest (AtF) based on environmental niche modelling (ENM), palaeobiological, and …

The fish faunas of continental South and Central America constitute one of the greatest
concentrations of aquatic diversity on Earth, consisting of about 10 percent of all living …

ABSTRACT Quaternary (last 2.6 million years) botany involves studying plant megafossils
(eg tree stumps), macrofossils (eg seeds, leaves), and microfossils (eg pollen, spores) …

Knowledge of the state of the earth at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, an interval around
21,000 years ago) is an important benchmark for understanding the sensitivity of global …

Aim We aim to propose validated, spatially explicit hypotheses for the late Quaternary
distribution of the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and thereby provide a framework for integrating …

The tropics are the main source of the atmosphere's sensible and latent heat, and water
vapour, and are therefore important for reconstructions of past climate. But long, accurately …

Nearly every aspect of the cloud forest is affected by regular cloud immersion, from the
hydrological cycle to the species of plants and animals within the forest. Since the altitude …