Optical atomic clocks represent the state of the art in the frontier of modern measurement
science. In this article a detailed review on the development of optical atomic clocks that are …

We review experimental progress on optical atomic clocks and frequency transfer, and
consider the prospects of using these technologies for geodetic measurements. Today …

We describe an optical atomic clock based on quantum-logic spectroscopy of the S 0 1↔ P
3 0 transition in Al+ 27 with a systematic uncertainty of 9.4× 10-19 and a frequency stability …

SU (N) symmetry can emerge in a quantum system with N single-particle spin states when
spin is decoupled from interparticle interactions. Taking advantage of the high measurement …

Since 1967, the second as the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) is
defined via an unperturbed hyperfine transition in atomic caesium [1] that is interrogated by …

In the last ten years extraordinary results in time and frequency metrology have been
demonstrated. Frequency-stabilization techniques for continuous-wave lasers and …

As relative systematic frequency uncertainties in trapped-ion spectroscopy are approaching
the low 10− 18 range, motional frequency shifts account for a considerable fraction of the …

We evaluated the static and dynamic polarizabilities of the 5 s 2 1 S 0 and 5 s 5 p 3 P 0 o
states of Sr using the high-precision relativistic configuration interaction combined with the …

Divalent atoms and ions with a singlet S ground state and triplet P excited state form the
basis of many high-precision optical atomic clocks. Along with the metastable P 0 3 clock …

With the advent of optical clocks featuring fractional frequency uncertainties on the order of
10− 17 and below, new applications such as chronometric leveling with few-centimeter …