BACKGROUND Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropics have a profound influence on
the climate system. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is spawned in the tropical …

The Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) during June to September contributes most of
the annual rainfall over India and plays an important role in Indian agriculture and thus the …

Abstract The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provides most of the global seasonal
climate forecast skill,–, yet, quantifying the sources of skilful predictions is a long-standing …

As one of the most predominant interannual variabilities, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
exerts great socio-economic impacts globally, especially on Asia, Africa, and Australia …

Abstract Accurately representing the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is crucial for reliable climate
predictions and future projections. However, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and IOD …

Abstract The Indian Ocean dipole is a prominent mode of coupled ocean–atmosphere
variability,,,, affecting the lives of millions of people in Indian Ocean rim countries,,,,,,,,,,. In its …

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2015 Page 1 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society Vol. 97, No. 8, August 2016 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2015 Page 2 …

Here we show that the characteristics of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), such as its power
spectrum and phase relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), can be …

Oceanic heat sources disturb the atmosphere, which, to come back to its initial state,
disperses waves. These waves affect the climate in remote regions, characterizing the …

Abstract The 2019 positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) was the strongest event since the
1960s which developed independently without coinciding El Niño. The dynamics is not fully …