Microbial rhodopsins are diverse photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal chromophore
and are found in all domains of cellular life and are even encoded in genomes of viruses …

Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoactive retinylidene proteins widespread
throughout the microbial world. They are notable for their diversity of function, using …

Channelrhodopsins are used widely for optical control of neurons, in which they generate
photoinduced proton, sodium or chloride influx. Potassium (K+) is central to neuron …

The electric excitability of muscle, heart, and brain tissue relies on the precise interplay of
Na+-and K+-selective ion channels. The involved ion fluxes are controlled in optogenetic …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

The recognition of a new family of rhodopsins in marine planktonic bacteria, proton-pum**
proteorhodopsin, expanded the known phylogenetic range, environmental distribution, and …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …

Even though microbial photosensitive proteins have been used for optogenetics, their use
should be optimized to precisely control cell and tissue functions in vivo. We exploited …

KCR channelrhodopsins (K+-selective light-gated ion channels) have received attention as
potential inhibitory optogenetic tools but more broadly pose a fundamental mystery …

Microbial channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels widely used for optogenetic
manipulation of neuronal activity. ChRmine is a bacteriorhodopsin-like cation …