The brain is a complex, multiscale dynamical system composed of many interacting regions.
Knowledge of the spatiotemporal organization of these interactions is critical for establishing …

Since the 19th century, there has been disagreement over the fundamental question of
whether" emotions" are cause or consequence of their associated behaviors. This question …

Sleep remains one of the least understood phenomena in biology—even its role in synaptic
plasticity remains debatable. Since sleep was recognized to be regulated genetically …

Background: Arousal levels in the brain set thresholds for behavior, from simple to complex.
The mechanistic underpinnings of the various phenomena comprising arousal, however, are …

How might one determine whether simple animals such as flies sleep in stages? Sleep in
mammals is a dynamic process involving different stages of sleep intensity, and these are …

Sleep is homeostatically regulated with sleep pressure accumulating with the increasing
duration of prior wakefulness. Yet, a clear understanding of the molecular components of the …

Sleep supports memory consolidation. Based on studies in mammals, sleep-dependent
consolidation has been conceptualized as 'active system consolidation'. During waking …

The fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, exhibits many of the cardinal features of sleep, yet
little is known about the neural circuits governing its sleep. Here we have performed a …

The dynamic nature of sleep in many animals suggests distinct stages that serve different
functions. Genetic sleep induction methods in animal models provide a powerful way to …

Drosophila melanogaster has been used for decades in the study of circadian behavior, and
more recently has become a popular model for the study of sleep. The classic method for …